That is a very interesting observation! And I don't have a good answer. Prosody might be one factor (although the identical metre of szynka pieczona vs. ?indyk pieczony challenges that). Some kind of "salient feature"-focusing strategy another (i.e. there are many kinds of bread or barszcz, but there's only one unusual Xmas eve version, so "chleb wigilijny" takes the commonplace first element and qualifies it with the special feature which comes last; whereas "zupa migdałowa" is in itself unusual, so this theoretical calculus of salience suggests that the first element be "wigilijna/y/e X" [one in a number of special Xmas eve dishes which are not variations of commonplace dishes], qualified by the latter placement of the special feature of it being an almond soup. But then, why not "zupa wigilijna migdałowa"? Something makes that sound odd. Still, this theory also works for the roast ham and turkey -- we have ham up the wazoo, it's common, so it goes first, most likely in a list of differently-prepared hams. We also have roasted dishes up the wazoo, but turkey is relatively new and rare (at least factoring in the conservatism of national cuisine -- cookbooks copy from older cookbooks, so in novel dishes the novelty cannot go first, unless the subtype is even more uncommon -- I would expect "indyk złocony", for example (for a dish involving a turkey covered in gold-leaf)) -- so "pieczony indyk" in a list of differently-sourced roasts. "Kapusta" and "kiszona" is a toss-up in this scheme -- both fermentation and cabbage are very common, so you'd pick which you want to highlight; but "kapusta kiszona" sounds to me like the standard order. And as for your well-analysed long example, "wątróbka kurza duszona w sosie madejra", note the unattested yet equally grammatical "kurza wątróbka duszona w sosie madejra" -- I bet the common element in that section of the cookbook is that all these dishes are organ meats, not that all are chicken -- which makes chickenyness more marked than liveryness.)

Cookbooks may not be the best thing to investigate, in any case. Building logical taxonomies and navigational aids for books, as for websites, is a clumsy art.

Or I am just telling myself "just-so" stories. :)

For what it's worth, Google says:
indyk pieczony: 5150
pieczony indyk: 5000
kapusta kiszona: 53500
kiszona kapusta: 21200
wigilijna zupa migdałowa: 353
zupa migdałowa wigilijna: 2
zupa wigilijna migdałowa: 0

And now I am HUNGRY.