HEBREW: שבב, shvav, "sliver, shaving"; קיסם, kisam (also "toothpick")
JAPANESE: とげ, doge (refers to anything small broken off from something larger; a thorn, a spur, a sliver -- these all fit); 破片, hahen (a broken piece; fragment; shard; etc.)
CHEROKEE: ᎤᏢᏓᎸᏓ, udlvdalvda (referring specifically to a wood splinter)
HINDI: छिपटी, Chipatti.
BASQUE: Ezpal, "chip; sliver"
RUSSIAN: щепка, sliver (also the name of a semi-famous Russian film).